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Parts of Speech in English – Complete Guide with Hindi Explanation

Introduction to Parts of Speech

Every word in an English sentence has a role. Some words name people or things, some show actions, and others describe or connect words.

These different roles are called Parts of Speech.

हिंदी में: Parts of Speech का मतलब है शब्दों के प्रकार। वाक्य में हर शब्द का अपना काम होता है। कोई शब्द किसी व्यक्ति, जगह या वस्तु का नाम बताता है, कोई काम बताता है और कोई दूसरे शब्दों के बारे में जानकारी देता है।

What Are the Eight Parts of Speech?

In traditional English grammar, there are eight main parts of speech:

  1. Noun – संज्ञा
  2. Pronoun – सर्वनाम
  3. Verb – क्रिया
  4. Adjective – विशेषण
  5. Adverb – क्रिया-विशेषण
  6. Preposition – संबंध बताने वाला शब्द
  7. Conjunction – जोड़ने वाला शब्द
  8. Interjection – भाव व्यक्त करने वाला शब्द

Let's understand each one with simple explanations and everyday examples.

1. Nouns: Naming Words

A noun is the name of a person, place, animal, thing or idea.

हिंदी में: किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, जानवर, वस्तु या भावना के नाम को Noun (संज्ञा) कहते हैं।

Examples:

  • Rahul is my friend. – Rahul एक व्यक्ति का नाम है।
  • Delhi is a big city. – Delhi एक स्थान का नाम है।
  • The dog is sleeping. – Dog एक जानवर का नाम है।
  • I bought a book. – Book एक वस्तु का नाम है।
  • Honesty is important. – Honesty एक गुण का नाम है।

Common Types of Nouns

  • Common Noun: A general name, such as boy, city, teacher or river.
  • Proper Noun: A particular name, such as Rahul, Delhi, India or the Ganga.
  • Collective Noun: A word for a group, such as team, family, class or crowd.
  • Abstract Noun: A name for a quality, feeling or idea, such as honesty, love, courage or happiness.
  • Material Noun: A name for a substance or material, such as gold, water, wood or cotton.

Remember: A noun names something. When you can identify the person, place, animal, thing or idea being talked about, you may have found a noun.

2. Pronouns: Words Used Instead of Nouns

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. It helps us avoid repeating the same noun again and again.

हिंदी में: Noun की जगह इस्तेमाल होने वाले शब्द को Pronoun (सर्वनाम) कहते हैं।

Without a pronoun:

Ravi is a student. Ravi is hardworking. Ravi studies every day.

With pronouns:

Ravi is a student. He is hardworking. He studies every day.

Here, He is used instead of repeating the name Ravi.

हिंदी में: यहाँ He शब्द Ravi के नाम की बार-बार पुनरावृत्ति से बचाता है।

Common Pronouns

Pronoun Hindi Meaning Example
IमैंI am ready.
Youतुम / आपYou are kind.
Heवह (पुरुष)He is my brother.
Sheवह (महिला)She is a teacher.
Itयह / वह (वस्तु या जानवर)It is a new phone.
WeहमWe are friends.
Theyवे / वे लोगThey are playing.

Some Important Types of Pronouns

  • Personal Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
  • Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.
  • Reflexive Pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves.
  • Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those.
  • Interrogative Pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, what.
  • Indefinite Pronouns: someone, anyone, everyone, nobody.

Examples in Sentences

  1. She is my sister. – वह मेरी बहन है।
  2. We live in India. – हम भारत में रहते हैं।
  3. This bag is mine. – यह बैग मेरा है।
  4. Someone is waiting outside. – बाहर कोई इंतज़ार कर रहा है।

Remember: A pronoun should clearly refer to the noun it replaces. The reader should understand who or what the pronoun refers to.

3. Verbs: Action and State Words

A verb expresses an action, an event or a state of being. A verb is an important part of a sentence because it tells us what happens or what someone or something is.

हिंदी में: जो शब्द किसी काम, घटना या स्थिति को बताते हैं, उन्हें Verb (क्रिया) कहते हैं।

Examples:

  • She reads a book. – वह किताब पढ़ती है।
  • They play cricket. – वे क्रिकेट खेलते हैं।
  • I write every day. – मैं रोज लिखता/लिखती हूँ।
  • He is happy. – वह खुश है।
  • We have a car. – हमारे पास एक कार है।

Main Types of Verbs

  • Action Verbs: Show an action, such as run, eat, write, speak and dance.
  • Being Verbs: Show a state or condition, such as am, is and are.
  • Helping Verbs: Help the main verb, such as is, have, do, can, will and should.

Examples of Helping Verbs

  • She is reading a book.
  • They have completed their work.
  • He can swim.
  • We will visit tomorrow.

Remember: Verbs do not always describe physical actions. Words such as know, believe, like and understand can also express states or mental activities.

4. Adjectives: Describing Words

An adjective describes a noun or pronoun. It gives us more information about a person, place, thing or idea.

हिंदी में: जो शब्द किसी Noun या Pronoun की विशेषता बताते हैं, उन्हें Adjective (विशेषण) कहते हैं।

Examples:

  • She has a beautiful dress.
  • He is a kind man.
  • This is a big house.
  • I have a red bag.
  • It was a difficult question.

In these sentences, beautiful, kind, big, red and difficult are adjectives.

Common Types of Adjectives

  • Adjectives of Quality: Describe quality, such as honest, beautiful, clever and kind.
  • Adjectives of Quantity: Tell us how much of something, such as some, much and little.
  • Adjectives of Number: Tell us how many or in what order, such as three, five, first and second.
  • Demonstrative Adjectives: Point out nouns, such as this, that, these and those.
  • Possessive Adjectives: Show ownership, such as my, your, his, her, our and their.

More Examples

  1. She bought three apples. – Number
  2. There is some milk in the glass. – Quantity
  3. This book is interesting. – Demonstrative
  4. My brother is helpful. – Possessive

Remember: An adjective adds information about a noun or pronoun. It helps make descriptions clearer and more specific.

5. Adverbs: Describing Actions and More

An adverb gives more information about a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It can tell us how, when, where or to what extent something happens.

हिंदी में: Adverb किसी काम के होने के तरीके, समय, स्थान या मात्रा के बारे में जानकारी दे सकता है। यह Adjective या दूसरे Adverb के बारे में भी बता सकता है।

Examples:

  • She sings beautifully. – वह खूबसूरती से गाती है।
  • He runs quickly. – वह तेज दौड़ता है।
  • I will call you tomorrow. – मैं तुम्हें कल फोन करूँगा/करूँगी।
  • Please sit here. – कृपया यहाँ बैठिए।
  • The tea is very hot. – चाय बहुत गर्म है।

Common Types of Adverbs

  • Adverbs of Manner: Tell us how something happens, such as slowly, carefully and beautifully.
  • Adverbs of Time: Tell us when something happens, such as today, yesterday and soon.
  • Adverbs of Place: Tell us where something happens, such as here, there and everywhere.
  • Adverbs of Frequency: Tell us how often something happens, such as always, often, sometimes and never.
  • Adverbs of Degree: Tell us the extent or intensity, such as very, quite, almost and too.

Remember: Many adverbs end in -ly, such as slowly, carefully and clearly. However, not every adverb ends in -ly. For example, fast, often, here and soon are also adverbs.

6. Prepositions: Showing Relationships

A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence. It can express place, time, direction and other relationships.

हिंदी में: Preposition वाक्य में किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु या स्थान के बीच संबंध बताता है।

Examples:

  • The book is on the table. – किताब मेज पर है।
  • She is in the room. – वह कमरे में है।
  • We will meet at 5 o'clock. – हम 5 बजे मिलेंगे।
  • He walked to school. – वह स्कूल तक पैदल गया।
  • The cat is under the chair. – बिल्ली कुर्सी के नीचे है।

Common Types of Prepositions

  • Prepositions of Place: in, on, under, behind, near and between.
  • Prepositions of Time: at, on, in, before and after.
  • Prepositions of Direction: to, towards, into, through and across.

A Simple Difference: In, On and At

  • In: She lives in Delhi. / The keys are in the bag.
  • On: The book is on the table. / The meeting is on Monday.
  • At: We met at the station. / The class starts at 9 a.m.

Remember: A preposition usually comes before a noun or pronoun and shows its relationship with another part of the sentence.

7. Conjunctions: Joining Words and Sentences

A conjunction joins words, phrases or clauses. It helps us connect ideas and make sentences flow naturally.

हिंदी में: जो शब्द दो शब्दों, वाक्यांशों या वाक्य के हिस्सों को जोड़ते हैं, उन्हें Conjunction (समुच्चयबोधक) कहते हैं।

Examples:

  • Riya and Priya are friends.
  • I wanted to go, but it was raining.
  • Would you like tea or coffee?
  • He stayed home because he was ill.
  • Work hard and you will improve.

Common Types of Conjunctions

  • Coordinating Conjunctions: Join words or grammatical units of equal importance. Examples include for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.
  • Subordinating Conjunctions: Introduce a dependent clause. Examples include because, although, if, when, while and since.
  • Correlative Conjunctions: Work in pairs. Examples include either...or, neither...nor, both...and and not only...but also.

More Examples

  1. Both Ravi and Aman are students.
  2. You can have either tea or coffee.
  3. She was happy because she passed the exam.
  4. Although it was raining, we went outside.

Remember: Conjunctions connect ideas. Choose a conjunction that shows the correct relationship between those ideas.

8. Interjections: Expressing Feelings

An interjection is a word or short expression that shows a sudden feeling or reaction.

हिंदी में: जो शब्द अचानक खुशी, दुख, आश्चर्य या दर्द जैसी भावना व्यक्त करते हैं, उन्हें Interjection कहते हैं।

Examples:

  • Wow! What a beautiful view!
  • Oh! I forgot my keys.
  • Ouch! That hurts!
  • Hurray! We won the match!
  • Alas! We lost the game.

Common Interjections and Their Uses

  • Wow! – Surprise or admiration.
  • Oh! – Surprise or sudden understanding.
  • Ouch! – Pain.
  • Hurray! – Joy or celebration.
  • Alas! – Sadness or regret.
  • Oops! – A small mistake or accident.

Remember: An interjection often appears at the beginning of a sentence and may be followed by an exclamation mark. Its punctuation depends on the strength of the feeling.

9. Identifying Parts of Speech in Sentences

Learning definitions is useful, but the real skill is identifying how words work in actual sentences.

हिंदी में: केवल शब्द का अर्थ जानना काफी नहीं है। यह समझना भी जरूरी है कि वाक्य में वह शब्द क्या काम कर रहा है।

Example: Identify the Words

Sentence: Wow! The clever boy quickly opened the door, but he found nothing inside.

  • Wow! – Interjection
  • boy – Noun
  • clever – Adjective
  • quickly – Adverb
  • opened – Verb
  • the – Article / Determiner
  • but – Conjunction
  • he – Pronoun
  • inside – Adverb in this sentence

One Word Can Have Different Roles

A word's part of speech depends on how it is used in a sentence. The same word can sometimes perform different grammatical roles.

Example 1: Water

  • I drink water. – Water is a noun.
  • Please water the plants. – Water is a verb.

Example 2: Fast

  • She is a fast runner. – Fast is an adjective.
  • She runs fast. – Fast is an adverb.

A Note About Articles and Determiners

Words such as a, an and the are called articles. In modern grammar, they are generally treated as a type of determiner. Traditional school grammar sometimes presents them differently. They are not included as a separate ninth part in the traditional eight-part classification used in this lesson.

Remember: Always look at the word's function in its sentence. Do not identify a part of speech by looking at the word alone.

Quick Revision Table

Use this table to revise the eight traditional parts of speech.

Part of Speech Main Function Example
NounNames somethingteacher
PronounReplaces a nounshe
VerbShows action or statewrite
AdjectiveDescribes a noun or pronounbeautiful
AdverbModifies a verb, adjective or adverbquickly
PrepositionShows relationshipsunder
ConjunctionJoins words or clausesand
InterjectionExpresses feelingsWow!

Practice Exercise

Identify the part of speech of the bold word in each sentence.

  1. My brother works in Delhi.
  2. She is my best friend.
  3. The baby is sleeping.
  4. It is a beautiful flower.
  5. He speaks politely.
  6. The keys are inside the drawer.
  7. I like tea and coffee.
  8. Wow! That is amazing.
  9. They arrived early.
  10. The children play outside.
Click here to check your answers
  1. Brother – Noun
  2. She – Pronoun
  3. Sleeping – Verb
  4. Beautiful – Adjective
  5. Politely – Adverb
  6. Inside – Preposition
  7. And – Conjunction
  8. Wow – Interjection
  9. Early – Adverb
  10. Play – Verb

A Simple Daily Practice

Spend five minutes each day practising parts of speech:

  1. Choose three sentences from a book, newspaper or conversation.
  2. Find the nouns and pronouns in those sentences.
  3. Underline the verbs and circle the adjectives.
  4. Look for adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions.
  5. Notice any interjections and identify the feelings they express.

Regular practice will help you recognise how English words work together.

What Have We Learned?

In this lesson, we learned the eight traditional parts of speech and their roles in English sentences. We also explored examples, common types, and how a word's grammatical role can change depending on its use.

Understanding parts of speech will help you build correct sentences, improve your grammar and express your ideas more clearly.

Your Next Step

Now that you understand the basic eight parts of speech, continue with the next topic: Nouns: Naming Words.

Read the examples again and try to identify nouns, pronouns and verbs in sentences you use every day.

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